A 2025 review by Araj and colleagues in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences described its geroprotective, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, while calling for more validation
For students, researchers, and curious readers approaching GHK-Cu for the first time, the most accurate framing is that of a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide with substantial research literature across five decades, with well-established coordination chemistry and well-grounded connections to copper-dependent extracellular matrix biology, with substantial cosmetic-ingredient regulated use, and with ongoing research conversations about the breadth and specificity of the broader transcriptomic effects
6-Aminonicotinamide reduces PQ-induced death of SKN-SH cells by inhibiting the PPP pathway through its action on 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase production and G6PD [122]
doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.028 16 ArmburoCAlbaBetancourtCLunaMHarveyS
2.2 Chemical analysis on HnB smoke Chemical analysis on HnB smoke was performed as previously described (Vivarelli et al., 2022)
